Cryptography & Security
Hashing, encryption, public-key, and common attacks.
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- Cryptographic Hash FunctionsOne-way fingerprints for data — deterministic, collision-resistant, and the avalanche effect that powers integrity checks and password storage.medium
- Symmetric EncryptionShared-key encryption from the XOR one-time pad to block ciphers like AES — and why a key must never be reused.medium
- Public-Key CryptographyAsymmetric crypto, Diffie-Hellman key exchange, and the RSA idea — how strangers agree on a secret over an open channel.hard
- Digital Signatures & TLSSignatures, certificates and the chain of trust, and how the TLS handshake combines asymmetric and symmetric crypto into a secure channel.hard
- Common Web VulnerabilitiesHow injection, XSS, and CSRF work at a conceptual level — and the standard defenses that stop them.medium